Univers

BLACK HOLE B lack holes are some of the most interesting pathologies in space and time delivered by Einstein's general theory of relativity. They form when matter collapses gravitationally onto itself, such as when massive stars burn out. They are a region of space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing--not even light--can escape. Hence John Wheeler called them "black holes." There is more. They incorporate singularities in spacetime structure: points where Einstein's theory breaks down, since the curvature of spacetime becomes infinite. And they can supply bridges to new universes. S uch a star may become a white dwarf or a neutron star, but if the  star  is sufficiently massive then it may continue shrinking eventually to the size of a tiny atom, known as a gravitational singularity. A  black hole refers to the region in space in which the singularity’s gravitational force is so strong that not even light can escape its pull.

THE THEORY  OF        EVERYTHING   THE ORIGINE AND FATE OF THE UNIVERSE SPECIAL EDITION THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF THE UNIVERSE STEPHEN W. HAWKING CONTENTS Introduction. FIRST LECTURE IDEAS ABOUT THE UNIVERSE.. SECOND LECTURE THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE. THIRD LECTURE BLACK HOLES.... FOURTH LECTURE BLACK HOLES AIN'T SO BLACK FIFTH LECTURE THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF THE UNIVERSE SIXTH LECTURE THE DIRECTION OF TIME SEVENTH LECTURE THE   THEORY OF EVERYTHING. INTRODUCTION In this series of lectures I shall try to give an outline of what we think is the history of the universe from the   Bigbang     to black holes. In the first lecture I shall briefly review past ideas about the universe     and how we got to our present picture. One might call this the history   of the universe.    In the second lecture I shall describe how both Newton's  And    Einstein's theories of gravity   led to the concl

facts . .. WHITE HOLES AND WORMHOLES  When Stephen Hawking proposed the idea that a black hole will eventually evaporate by leaking radiation from its event horizon, there was a problem. If it evaporates, what happens to all of the information it sucked in?  If quantum theory is correct,  this would defy a fundamental law that information cannot be lost – it’s called the no-hiding theorem. With the no-hiding theorem, if information is missing from one system, then it must simply be residing somewhere else in the universe – a cosmic game of hide-and-seek. So theoretically, if information is getting sucked in, it must be getting spat back out somewhere, and likely that’s through a white hole. But is it really possible that white holes exist? One way to conceptualize this  in a very basic mathematical sense is to think about the square root of 9. The answer is both 3 and -3. This is fundamentally part of what’s known as Schwarzchild geometry, the formulae used

Theory of Everything We have reached an extraordinary point in the history of science, for some physicists believe they are now on the verge of having a single theory that will unite all of their science under one mathematical umbrella. In particular this theory would unify the two great bastions of twentieth century physics - the general theory of relativity and quantum theory. Since   general relaltivity the large scale, or cosmological, structure of the universe, and quantum theory describes the microscopic, or subatomic, structures, the unification of these theories would explain both the very big and the very small. This theory is often referred to as a "theory of everything". In particular this theory would unify our understanding of all the fundamental physical forces in our universe. There are four such forces that physicists know of: gravity (which keeps planets revolving around their suns, and is responsible for the formation of stars and galaxies),